Cats are full members of our families. They no longer spend all their time outside hunting mice, lizards, and birds. Cats spend more and more time inside, on our beds, and cuddling on the couch.
We've learned a lot about pet nutrition over the last few decades, which is excellent! Proper nutrition for your cat means a shinier, thicker coat; skin that doesn't itch; healthier teeth; improved digestion; strong muscles and bones; better immunity; reduced anxiety, and longer, happier lives.
Poor nutrition can cause cats to have poor energy levels, weight gain, tooth loss, anxiety, bladder stones and infections, and a higher prevalence of chronic conditions such as diabetes and heart and kidney disease.
It's no wonder pet nutrition is so important to pet parents! So what are the basics of the necessary nutritional requirements for cats?
Water
Unlike dogs, cats typically aren't big drinkers, potentially increasing their risk for bladder stones. Because of this, we sometimes have to get creative to increase their water intake. Consider including wet food in their diet or adding water to their kibble.
Cats should have multiple water sources that get replaced daily. Some cats greatly prefer running water, so consider a pet fountain as well.
Be vigilant, though. A sudden increase in water intake can signal severe health conditions. Cats will often hide this behavior from their owners, though. If you notice an increase in empty water dishes, make sure to schedule an appointment with your veterinarian as soon as you can.
Protein
Proteins are large molecules made up of many amino acids, some of which cats can make and some they cannot. These molecules build muscle and bone, form part of the immune system, provide energy, help digest food, and much more.
A cat's protein needs are very high, much higher than a dog's needs. Additionally, their protein must come from animal sources.
Vegetarian diets can lead to blindness, deafness, heart failure, poor immune system function, poor reproductive health, and a toxic build-up of ammonia in the bloodstream. This is because plant sources don't contain enough of the amino acids arginine and taurine to meet the cat's high demand.
Fats
Fats in the diet provide energy, maintain coat and skin, and improve food taste.
Fat content should be a minimum of 9% of the feed but can be safe and adequate up to 50%. These fats should come from animal sources as much as possible.
Carbohydrates
Carbs are NOT essential for a cat, as long as they eat enough protein and fat. However, including some carbohydrates in the cat's diet can provide fast energy (for those active ones) and increase satisfaction from a meal. This can prevent overeating and the weight gain often seen in indoor cats.
Vitamin / Minerals
Cats need a wide variety of vitamins and minerals, just like us! These small compounds are essential in hundreds of metabolic functions in the body.
AAFCO standards dictate that vitamin and mineral levels are sufficient and safe in commercially available foods. If you buy food with an AAFCO label, your cat should not experience any nutrient deficiencies or toxicities.
Unlike dogs, cats cannot synthesize vitamin A, and they need higher intakes of niacin and B6. However, more doesn't always mean better, and vitamin A toxicity can occur if you give too much.
Home-made Diets
Homemade diets are strongly discouraged due to the complexity of a cat's nutrition needs.
Nutrition completeness in wild cats comes from eating the entirety of the animal, which is likely not available for purchase in most grocery stores.
Conclusion
- Water – Make sure to include multiple fresh sources of water, potentially including their food. Cats don't regulate their water intake as well as dogs do.
- Protein – cats need a lot of animal-based protein
- Fat – needed for energy
- Carbohydrates – cats do not need carbs, but including some carbs may prevent overeating.
- Vitamins/minerals – choosing commercially prepared foods that meet AAFCO standards will ensure your cat gets all the necessary vitamins and minerals.
Nutritional deficiencies are rare in cats fed most commercial foods. Consider providing a mixture of dry and wet foods to encourage adequate water intake in your pet.
You can also consider offering your cat cooked, unseasoned, high-quality meats from time to time as a treat. They'll love it!
Sources:
Your Cat's Nutritional Needs from the National Research Council, Committee on Nutrient Requirements for Dogs and Cats, 2006
https://www.merckvetmanual.com/management-and-nutrition/nutrition-small-animals/nutritional-requirements-and-related-diseases-of-small-animals